Justia U.S. 3rd Circuit Court of Appeals Opinion Summaries

After a jury trial, Defendant was found guilty of first-degree murder. The jury sentenced Defendant to death. The Pennsylvania Supreme Court affirmed the convictions on appeal, thus rejecting Defendant’s claims that the prosecution violated Brady v. Maryland. The Supreme Court subsequently denied Defendant’s application for postconviction relief. Thereafter, Defendant filed an application under 28 U.S.C. 2254 in federal district court, raising several claims. The district court granted Defendant a conditional writ of habeas corpus and directed the Commonwealth to retry Defendant or release him, concluding that the prosecution had breached its obligations under Brady by withholding three pieces of exculpatory and material information. The Third Circuit vacated the district court’s order, holding that the Pennsylvania Supreme Court reasonably concluded that Defendant was not entitled to relief on his Brady claims. Remanded for consideration of Defendant’s remaining claims. View "Dennis v. Sec’y, Pa. Dep’t of Corr." on Justia Law

Defendant Michael Wright was charged with conspiracy to distribute marijuana. He moved to suppress evidence gathered from his apartment, arguing the execution of his arrest warrant was defective, entitling him to relief. The district court agreed the execution of the warrant was defective and granted defendant's motion. On appeal, a panel of the Third Circuit Court of Appeals vacated and remanded, holding that the federal Supreme Court's decision in "Herring v. United States," (555 U.S. 135 (2009)), required an additional analytical step before the exclusionary rule could be applied. Specifically, the District Court could not suppress the evidence unless it evaluated Agent Taylor’s (the organizer of the raid) culpability and found that his conduct was at least grossly negligent. The District Court denied the motion to suppress on remand, finding that Taylor’s failure to review the warrant before executing it was a “simple mistake” that conferred no benefit on the Government and amounted at most to negligence. Defendant was subsequently convicted of drug offenses by a jury, and he appealed. The parties agreed that evidence was seized from defendant's apartment in violation of the Fourth Amendment. The sole question this case presented for the Third Circuit's review was whether the exclusionary rule required suppression. The Court concluded that the District Court was correct to hold that Agent Taylor was not sufficiently culpable for the costs of suppression to outweigh its benefits. View "United States v. Wright" on Justia Law

From 2004-2008, Georgiou and co-conspirators engaged in a stock fraud scheme resulting in more than $55 million in actual losses. The scheme centered on four stocks, all quoted on the OTC Bulletin Board or the Pink OTC Markets Inc. The conspirators opened brokerage accounts in Canada, the Bahamas, and Turks and Caicos, which they used to trade stocks, artificially inflating prices. They were able to sell their shares at inflated prices and used the shares as collateral to fraudulently borrow millions of dollars from Bahamas brokerage firms. In 2006, Waltzer, a co-conspirator, began cooperating in an FBI sting operation. A jury convicted Georgiou of conspiracy, securities fraud, and wire fraud. The district court sentenced him to 300 months’ imprisonment, ordered him to pay restitution of $55,823,398, ordered a special assessment of $900, and subjected Georgiou to forfeiture of $26,000,000. The Third Circuit affirmed, rejecting an argument that the securities and wire fraud convictions were improperly based upon the extraterritorial application of United States law. The securities were issued by U.S. companies through U.S. market makers acting as intermediaries for foreign entities. The court also rejected claims of Brady and Jencks Act violations and of error on evidentiary and sentencing issues. View "United States v. Georgiou" on Justia Law

From 2005-2007, Wright, a real estate agent and the chief of staff for Philadelphia councilman Kelly, received gifts from Chawla, a developer, and attorney Teitelman, who got most of his work from Chawla's company, World Acquisition. Wright received a free stint in an apartment, free legal services, and was promised commissions. Wright shepherded a bill that Chawla favored through Kelly’s office, arranged meetings about a World Acquisition development, and communicated with city offices for World Acquisition. In 2008, a grand jury returned a 14-count indictment, charging honest services fraud, traditional fraud, conspiracy to commit both kinds of fraud, and bribery in connection with a federally funded program. The jury convicted Chawla, Teitelman, and Wright of: conspiracy to commit honest services and traditional fraud and honest services and traditional fraud for the apartment arrangement and convicted Chawla alone of honest services for offering Wright liaison work. It acquitted on the other counts. After remand, the defendants moved, unsuccessfully, to preclude the government from relitigating certain issues under the Double Jeopardy Clause and from constructively amending the indictment. the Third Circuit held that it lacked jurisdiction because the ruling is not a “collateral” order subject to immediate review and was not otherwise a “final decision” under 28 U.S.C. 1291. View "United States v. Wright" on Justia Law

Pearson is serving a life-term and alleged, in a 2009 suit under 42 U.S.C. 1983, a two-year campaign of harassment against him in retaliation for the filing of a 2006 civil lawsuit and grievances in 2006-2007. Pearson claimed that he was subjected to cell searches and relocations, denied a meal, and denied a job in retaliation for the filings. The district court dismissed on the basis that Pearson’s “non-trivial” allegations occurred before March, 2007 and were time-barred under Pennsylvania’s two year statute of limitations; that Pearson’s allegation based on his termination from his position was timely, but failed to state a claim because there were no facts that allow a plausible inference that it was caused by any protected activity. Pearson objected that the judge failed to toll the limitations period while Pearson exhausted his administrative remedies pursuant to 42 U.S.C. 1997e(a), the Prison Litigation Reform Act, and erred by not accepting the complaint’s allegations as true with respect to retaliatory discharge. The Third Circuit reversed, holding that the PLRA is a statutory prohibition under Pennsylvania’s tolling statute. If the court determines that Pearson has exhausted administrative remedies with respect to the retaliatory discharge claim, it should proceed to discovery. View "Pearson v. Sec'y Dep't of Corrs." on Justia Law

The Special Management Unit housing unit within the Lewisburg U.S. Penitentiary houses inmates identified as having violent tendencies or having a history of gang involvement while incarcerated. Inmates assigned to the SMU are confined to their cells for 23 hours a day, but can spend the remaining hour in a recreation cage. When first assigned to the SMU, inmates are interviewed by prison officials to ensure that inmates who may be hostile to each other are not housed in the same cell. Shelton, a USP inmate, filed a purported class action, alleging that the defendants have engaged in a pattern, practice, or policy of improperly placing inmates who are known to be hostile to each other in the same cell. He also claims that the defendants fail to intervene when the predictable inmate-on-inmate violence erupts, and that defendants improperly restrain inmates who refuse cell assignments with inmates who are known to be hostile to them. The district court denied Shelton’s motion for class certification and granted defendants’ motion for summary judgment. The Third Circuit affirmed dismissal of a Federal Tort Claims Act claim, but vacated the denial of class certification and summary judgment as to an Eighth Amendment claim. View "Shelton v. Bledsoe" on Justia Law

DEA agents searched a storage facility that Davenport controlled and found drug paraphernalia, cash, 160 grams of cocaine, and vehicles, including one that contained a loaded pistol. Agents later executed a warrant on Davenport’s residence. Davenport pleaded guilty to conspiracy to distribute and possess with intent to distribute cocaine and cocaine base. The plea agreement addressed sentencing recommendations, listed how the Guidelines should apply to Davenport’s conduct, and stated that “none of these recommendations is binding” on the court. During negotiations, the clause “the defendant possessed a firearm” was stricken. Davenport argued that the stricken provision precluded the government from pursuing a gun enhancement; the government claimed that it meant that Davenport no longer stipulated to that fact. At a hearing, Davenport affirmed that he read and understood the agreement and admitted the facts presented. The Probation Office’s calculations included a two-level enhancement for possessing a firearm in connection with the offense and another for obstructing justice, producing a Guidelines range of 235 to 240 months’ imprisonment. The court rejected Davenport’s objections, but varied downward and sentenced him to 199 months. The Third Circuit affirmed and subsequently affirmed denial of his motion to vacate, set aside, or correct his sentence under 28 U.S.C. 2255, rejecting claims that counsel was ineffective in failing to argue that the government breached Davenport’s plea agreement.by advocating for the gun enhancement. View "United States v. Davenport" on Justia Law

Babaria, a licensed radiologist and medical director and manager of Orange Community MRI, an authorized Medicare and Medicaid provider, pleaded guilty to one count of making illegal payments (kickbacks), 42 U.S.C. 1320a-7b(b)(2)(A). From 2008 through 2011, he paid physicians to refer patients to Orange for diagnostic testing and billed Medicare and Medicaid for testing that was tainted by the corrupt referrals. Orange received $2,014,600.85 in payments that were directly traceable to the kickback scheme. There was no evidence that Babaria falsified patient records, billed Medicare or Medicaid for testing that was not medically necessary, or otherwise compromised patient care. Babaria objected to the PreSentence Investigation Report, which recommended a two-level adjustment for abuse of a position of trust (USSG 3B1.3) and a four-level adjustment for aggravating role (USSG 3B1.1(a)), resulting in a recommended Guidelines range of 70-87 months’ imprisonment. Ultimately, the Guidelines range was 60 months, capped by the statutory maximum for Babaria’s count of conviction. He argued that the correct range was 37 to 46 months. The court applied both adjustments but granted a downward variance and sentenced Babaria to 46 months’ imprisonment, a fine of $25,000, and forfeiture of the $2,014,600.85. The Third Circuit affirmed the sentence. View "United States v. Babaria" on Justia Law

To rob a Philadelphia jewelry store, Burnett obtained a gun and Hankerson borrowed a car from Adams. A store video security system captured Burnett’s face during the robbery. They fled with Hankerson driving, but got lost and drove down a dead-end street. Instead of turning around, they parked the car, placed the loot in its trunk, and left on foot. After visiting the crime scene, police received a call reporting a “suspicious black Honda” on a residential street not far from the robbery. Witnesses described the men leaving the car. Police suspected it was involved in the robbery, tried to contact Adams, had the Honda towed, and executed a warrant. They recovered the jewelry, stolen security videotape, wigs, the bloodstained gun, a wallet containing Hankerson’s identification, latex gloves, and zip ties like those used to bind the robbery victims. One glove contained the DNA of Burnett and the store owner and another contained the DNA of Hankerson and the store owner. Hankerson pleaded guilty and cooperated. Burnett challenged the vehicle search as “fundamentally unfair.” The district court held that Burnett lacked standing, as he merely was a passenger and lacked a privacy interest in the vehicle. The Third Circuit affirmed. View "United States v. Burnett" on Justia Law

Working for “Cali Connect,” Thompson transported cocaine from California to Pittsburgh. Cooperating witnesses named Thompson. In wiretapped phone conversations, Thompson made drug-related comments. Texas troopers on I-40 near Amarillo, a “known corridor for narcotics,” stopped his truck, traveling eastbound at 84 mph in a 70 mph zone, and ran Thompson’s criminal history, which showed dated narcotics offenses, and a firearm offense. Thompson declined to consent to a search, but accepted responsibility for anything discovered in the truck. A K-9 unit dog alerted. The officers opened the truck-bed and smelled marijuana. Beneath a tarp lay five tubs containing marijuana. After speaking with DEA investigators, troopers searched the tailgate and found six kilograms of cocaine. Thompson was charged locally for the marijuana and was not informed about the discovery of cocaine. Weeks later, DEA officers executed search warrants on residences associated with Cali Connect, including Thompson’s. Investigators recovered two kilograms of cocaine. At DEA offices, six hours later, Thompson offered information about his sources and co-conspirators. He received a written waiver of his right to prompt presentment 12 hours after his arrest. Thompson continued to cooperate the next day and was presented 48 hours after his arrest. After denial of motions to suppress, Thompson pled guilty to conspiracy to distribute five kilograms or more of cocaine and conspiracy to launder monetary instruments. The Third Circuit affirmed denial of the motion to suppress the fruits of a search, finding reasonable suspicion, but vacated as to statements made while in custody, prior to being presented to a magistrate judge. View "United States v. Thompson" on Justia Law